Health inequities between rural and urban areas, as well as access to care issues, may likewise influence cardiac care utilization. The CDC has reported that the prevalence of obesity among adults is significantly higher in rural areas than in urban areas Low household income has been previously strongly associated with heart disease, as well as with the risk factors related to it.
Although the environmental characteristics studied in our study may be social determinants of health in the context of cardiac catheterization during the period observed, it may be possible to someday decouple factors such as urbanicity and income from health outcomes. Further research is needed to determine which interventions are most effective in reducing the influence of these environmental factors. The patterns reflected in the findings of this analysis are representative of the population studied, but may not be reflective of the overall US population.
The patients were not evenly distributed across the United States, because they all had health plans from a healthcare organization operating predominantly in the South. As shown in Table 1, the demographics of the cohort changed over time on multiple dimensions, and had proportionally fewer people aged 18 to 29 years and proportionally more people aged 80 to 89 years in than in Although these demographic changes can make the overall trends observed in the population difficult to disentangle, the subgroups examined are likely to be more homogenous over time than the population as a whole.
In addition, the population predominantly consisted of older individuals with Medicare Advantage health plans. No people with traditional Medicare were included. Patients with Medicaid insurance were only included if they were dually eligible for Medicare Advantage. It is possible that there were confounding factors driving some of the univariate trends depicted in Figures 1 and 2. Nonetheless, the patient-level analysis Table 2 considered these factors concurrently.
Health inequities between rural and urban areas, as well as access to care issues, may influence cardiac care utilization. Although the rate of cardiac catheterization was stable from to for the overall population and most subpopulations, there were marked differences in the rates of cardiac catheterization utilization between the subpopulations. Regardless of the year examined, there were consistent differences in utilization when patients were grouped by sex, age, local median income, state obesity rate, and urbanicity.
To ensure adequate access to care, health plans and health systems should explore the implications of disproportionately high demand for cardiac catheterization in populations from lower-income areas, rural areas, and higher obesity rate states, as well as from older populations. Further research is needed to determine the reasons for these differences.
Author Disclosure Statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Approximately 1 in 4 deaths are from heart disease, of which the most common underlying disease process is atherosclerosis, resulting in coronary artery disease CAD. Patients with left main coronary artery stenosis, triple-vessel CAD with impaired left ventricular function, and, particularly, patients with diabetes may require open-heart bypass surgery based on the findings of a cardiac catheterization.
In short, cardiac catheterization is a safe and invaluable tool to diagnose and treat patients with CAD. In their retrospective analysis, Powell and colleagues show the marked differences that exist in the rates of cardiac catheterization utilization based on where a patient resides—rural versus urban—as well as on income, age, sex, and degree of obesity. They may also have to travel long distances to access healthcare services, particularly specialty care such as cardiac catheterization.
In addition, there tends to be fewer primary care physicians in rural areas, and therefore, less opportunity for patients to receive preventive care education and chronic disease surveillance. The prevalence of obesity in the United States is at an all-time high. Consistent with the research by Powell and colleagues, data show that people living in rural areas are more likely to smoke cigarettes; drink alcohol excessively; be obese and have metabolic syndromes, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism; and, consequently, have higher rates of CAD.
Ironically, the COVID pandemic has brought to the surface the importance of the use of telemedicine. An increased use of telemedicine can fill the void for managing patients with chronic conditions and can improve access to specialty care. Direct pay online healthcare companies are also taking hold. Will cardiac catheterization someday be performed online?
A combination of private and public efforts to provide more access to quality care, along with the advancement of technologies and online services, will provide hopeful opportunities to change the disparities that currently exist among the US and world populations. Stay up to date on the latest information you need to devise benefit designs, make coverage decisions, and further value-based healthcare!
Sign up for our newsletter or print publications today by entering your contact information below and clicking "Subscribe". Adam C. Powell, PhD; Christopher T. During this time, the plastic sheath that held the thin tube will be removed. After receiving a heart catheterization, you may experience some pain in your groin or arm from the catheter.
Typically speaking, patients are able to stand up and walk around within six hours of receiving a heart catheterization. Full recovery can take up to a week, however. For the first 24 to 48 hours, it's important to keep the area dry where the catheter was inserted. Call your doctor with any unusual symptoms including but not limited to the following:. You experience any unusual chest pain or shortness of breath. You suddenly have an irregular, slow, or fast pulse. Your incision becomes red, painful, or discharge drains from it.
Your arm or leg changes color, becomes numb, or is cool to the touch. You experience dizziness, fatigue, or fainting. You experience any unusual bleeding at the catheter insertion site or any bleeding that doesn't stop when you apply pressure.
Depending on what your doctor discovers and what you are able to learn from your heart catheterization, you'll want to commit to making any changes requested by your doctor in order to lead a heart-healthy lifestyle. This may include changing your diet, increasing your exercise, taking various medications, stopping smoking, or maintaining follow-up appointments.
Your doctor will work with you to form a plan moving forward, but it will ultimately be up to you to follow the plan and advocate for your best heart health. It's common for a doctor to request a follow-up visit in the office two to four weeks after the procedure, especially following an angioplasty or stent procedure. It's also common for a yearly visit to be scheduled, just to be sure the heart is still working well.
It's important to note, though, if you experience any discomfort or alarming symptoms, you should call your doctor right away. Don't wait for your appointment to communicate with your physician. This extensive experience means that our highly-trained surgeons and supports staff will be able to provide you or your loved one with the highest quality of care. Toggle navigation. Welcome to the Patient Portal How can we help you today?
View Health Information. Make a Payment. What is My. Being in charge of your own health just got easier We know you lead a busy life. Is my information protected? Have questions? Hospital patients - For specific questions about the health information in your online record, please call AnMed Health Medical Records at 1.
Doctors Office patients - For specific questions about the health information in your online record, please call your doctor's office. Find a Physician Physician's Last Name. Gender - Male Female. Anesthesiology Services of Anderson, P. Keenan, Jr. Don Bryant, M. Wadee M. Dana L. Wiley, M. Dermatology Clinic, P. Martin, M.
Etas Clinic, P. Veera, M. Piedmont Spine and Neurosurgical Group, P. Worsham, M. Gregg Seymour. Zip Code. Distance within 5 miles within 10 miles within 15 miles within 25 miles within 50 miles. Search Criteria:. Sort By Alphabetical A-Z Practice. Start Over 1 2 3 4 5. Back to Search Results. Start a New Search. Career Portal. Find A Physician. Pay My Bill. What Is a Heart Catheterization? Types of Cardiac Catheterizations Cardiac catheterization involves passing a catheter or thin tube into the right or left side of the heart.
When Is a Heart Catheterization Needed? The two main reasons a heart cath is typically performed are as follows: to determine if any arteries to the heart are blocked to treat blocked arteries that may be discovered during the cath If you've recently suffered from angina chest pain , dizziness, fatigue, or shortness of breath, your doctor may want you to have a heart catheterization.
The largest U. The growth of the US Interventional Cardiology market is highly correlated to annual fluctuations in two procedure types — diagnostic angiography and angioplasty procedures PCI.
These procedures have experienced a rapid turnaround, from decline to growth, over the past few years. According to the latest market study by iData Research, it is estimated that the number of angioplasty procedures performed in the US will exceed an astounding 1 million in Receive a free synopsis of the U. Interventional Cardiology Market Report. We publish medical, dental, and pharmaceutical news and market insights from our analysts every day.
Sign up for your free subscription here:. According to the latest interventional cardiology procedural analysis by iData Research, over , angioplasties are performed each year in the United States. An angioplasty, also known as percutaneous coronary intervention PCI , is a procedure that involves stent placement to open blocked or narrowing arteries.
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