Families were broken up, many victims were sent to concentration camps or to forced labor, and over 4, children were shipped to the Reich as suitable for Germanization. In all, at least 20, Polish children were taken from their families, transferred to the Reich, and subjected to "Germanization" policies. While the war lasted, however, Germany needed Polish labor.
Nazi officials imposed a labor obligation upon able-bodied Poles that came to include children as young as The German authorities dictated where and how Poles were employed and could conscript Poles to perform labor in the Reich. Police grabbed Poles off streets and trains, from marketplaces and churches, and in raids on villages and neighborhoods to fill labor quotas.
German officials sent Poles who tried to avoid labor conscription to concentration camps and punished their families. Between and , at least 1. Hundreds of thousands were also imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. We were, of course, survivors of a period in which every able bodied person, age 14 and up, had to work 10 hours a day, 6 days a week.
Otherwise, we would be shipped to Germany to forced-labor camps or to work in factories of the German war machine. Nazi officials conducted indiscriminate retaliatory measures in response to resistance activities. They answered attacks on Germans with mass arrests and executions of civilians and regularly held civilians as hostages to be shot in reprisal for resistance operations. There, where the number of Germans who had remained behind was about ,, it has been determined officially that more than ninety per cent of the babies, a very large percentage of infants, many young mothers and old persons died of starvation.
As a result of the shortage of fats, dysentery broke out and claimed many victims, all the more so as the medical supplies which had not been confiscated or stolen were soon exhausted. Since the dispensaries usually only sold their goods in exchange for Zloty [Polish money] For the same reason it was practically impossible for them to obtain hospital treatment as a deposit of Zloty Analyzes the violent ideology of the Nazi invasion and initial atrocities committed by the Wehrmacht and Einsatzgruppen in Poland.
Includes an overview of atrocities committed during the fighting, draconian reprisal measures against civilians, and the establishment of Anit-Jewish policies by the Nazi occupation authorities. Contains illustrations, footnotes, a bibliography and an index. Rutherford, Phillip T. D5 R85 [ Find in a library near you ]. Includes footnotes, a bibliography, maps and glossaries.
Stola, Dariusz. Explores what became known about the Holocaust at the time that it was occurring and the role the Polish underground played in getting the news out to the rest of the world. Based on previously unresearched material from archives in Warsaw and London.
Strzelecka, Irena. A96 Z [ Find in a library near you ]. Chronicles the early history of Auschwitz concentration camp beginning in June , when the first group of inmates, Poles arrested for political reasons, arrived at the camp. Includes photographs, original documents, and a list of names of the prisoners.
A96 Z Westermann, Edward B. Modern war studies. W [ Find in a library near you ]. Discusses atrocities and the use of force by members of the Ordnungspolizei in Occupied Poland, distinguishing the violence by these police battalions from the Gestapo and SS actions.
Includes illustrations, endnotes, a bibliography, and an index. Karski, Jan. Story of a Secret State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, P6 K3 [ Find in a library near you ]. Recounts the author's work as a courier for the Polish government-in-exile, including his arrest by the Gestapo and his clandestine visits to the Warsaw Ghetto. Originally published in , prior to the war's end, it was republished in under the title Story of the Secret State: My report to the World.
Klukowski, Zygmunt. Diary from the Years of Occupation, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, P62 Z [ Find in a library near you ]. Includes day-by-day accounts of births, deaths, deportations, liquidations, atrocities and partisan activities. Contains an index of names. P6 K [ Find in a library near you ]. Includes photographs. Lukas, Richard C. C47 F67 [ Find in a library near you ]. Provides first-hand accounts of 28 Poles who survived Nazi oppression.
Includes concentration camp artwork, pictures, a bibliography, and an index. We Were in Auschwitz. New York: Welcome Rain Publishers, A96 N45 [ Find in a library near you ]. A translation of the original memoirs of three prisoners who survived Auschwitz and the death march to Dachau. Includes a glossary of slang terms from concentration camps.
Rowinski, Leokadia. P6 R [ Find in a library near you ]. A first-hand account of life in the Polish underground in occupied Warsaw and the failed uprising organized by the Polish Home Army. Recounts the author's capture by the Germans, imprisonment, liberation, and eventual emigration to the United States. Includes family portraits and documents. Trzcinska-Croydon, Lilka. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, A96 T79 [ Find in a library near you ]. Wood, Thomas.
He said there were no governmental documents that proved Poland had waived its right to reparations. Dr Agnieszka Lada, an expert on Polish-German relations from a Polish think-tank, the Institute of Public Affairs, doubts whether Warsaw will ever officially raise the matter with Berlin. Indeed Mr Mularczyk acknowledges that raising the reparations issue is not only about compensation. It also addresses the government's concerns that when the world's media inaccurately write about "Polish death camps" they are trying to rewrite the history of the period.
Polish government wins museum standoff. Image source, Alamy. How the war began. Image source, Getty Images. Nazi Germany invaded Poland using 45 army divisions as well as aerial bombardment.
0コメント